Spanberger leads Earle-Sears in early poll; political anxiety increases

In a still-early look at the likely November gubernatorial matchup, Democrat Abigail Spanberger leads Republican Winsome Earle-Sears by 43%-26%, according to the Roanoke College Poll. The Institute for Policy and Opinion Research (IPOR) at Roanoke College interviewed 658 Virginia residents between May 12 and May 19, 2025. The survey has a weighted margin of error of 5.25%.

More than a quarter (28%) of registered voters are undecided, and 3% said they would vote for someone else. These results are within the margin of error of the February poll. Regarding favorable/unfavorable ratings, about one in five doesn’t know enough about either candidate to have an opinion about them.

Job Approval, Favorable/Unfavorable, and Directions of Virginia and Nation

For the first time in eight years of polling, a majority (51%) thinks things in Virginia have gotten off on the wrong track, while two-thirds (66%) say the same about the country. President Donald Trump’s job disapproval rating (65%) is the worst it has been, including during his first term, while his 31% approval rating is low, but not his worst. Gov. Glenn Youngkin’s job approval rating (46%) is his lowest and down seven points from November. 

Youngkin’s unfavorable rating (44% favorable/50% unfavorable) is also his worst showing, while Trump’s is close to his most negative (33% favorable/64% unfavorable). Spanberger’s rating (41% favorable/40% unfavorable) is similar to November, while Earle-Sears’ numbers have fallen in that time (32% favorable/48% unfavorable), with about one-fifth of respondents not offering an opinion. Mark Warner, whose U.S. Senate seat is up for election in 2026, comes in at 51% favorable, about where he stood five years ago. While the Democratic Party is not seen in a positive light (51% unfavorable), the Republican Party fares even worse (63% unfavorable). All these questions show significant partisan differences (see topline).

Political Anxiety and Politics

The overall index of 89.41 is up 13 points since November 2024. While that increase is minimal, it masks significant changes within political parties. Democrats jumped from -10.39 in May 2024 to 101.77 in November 2024, and their current anxiety index stands at 153.35. During the same period, Republicans dropped from 166.59 (May) to 13.52 (November), and are now at -30.10. Political anxiety is closely tied to party control of the White House and Congress.

Most respondents trust the government in Washington to do what is right only sometimes (62%) or never (24%), but a slight majority (52%) thinks that ordinary citizens can influence the federal government. Most Virginians (62%) think their side has been losing more than winning on important issues. A plurality (43%) of those polled is dissatisfied with how the federal government is working, and 31% are angry, which is the highest measure of anger in the eight years we have been asking it. Half (50%) now think the country’s best years are behind us, but 48% think the best years lie ahead. 

Democrats have become much more pessimistic about the federal government, while Republicans are more positive. The greatest party differences on the questions that comprise the index can be seen in “winning more than losing,” “dissatisfied/angry with how government is working,” and “best years ahead.” Those results can be found in the crosstabs at the conclusion of the topline. 

A large majority (84%) of Virginians see the nation as divided regarding the important issues facing it. More than half (56%) think the federal government makes their life worse, as opposed to the 40% who think the government makes their life better.

Deficit/Debt

The Roanoke College Poll also examined perceptions of the national debt and annual deficit. A large majority of Virginians say they are very concerned (42%) or somewhat concerned (40%) about the deficit and debt. A majority thinks the deficit is a result of spending too much (61%) versus not raising enough money in taxes (34%).  

Asked to make choices to address the issues, the largest group favors raising taxes for those making more than $400,000 annually (74%), but 82% oppose raising taxes for everyone. A large majority (71%) likewise oppose across-the-board spending cuts. More than half (56%) oppose cutting programs other than defense, Social Security, and Medicare; 55% oppose cutting defense; and 73% oppose significantly modifying Social Security and Medicare to save money. If forced to choose an option that would impact them or their family, 29% would prefer increased taxes, 28% picked fewer services, and 15% boldly chose both. More than a quarter (27%) picked neither because they think the debt and deficit aren’t that big of a problem. 

Analysis

“Six months in a gubernatorial election season is an eternity in politics, but one would prefer to be ahead by 17 points,” said Dr. Harry Wilson, interim director for IPOR and professor emeritus of political science at Roanoke College. “More than a quarter of Virginians are undecided, and there is good news for both candidates. Spanberger is obviously leading at this point, and she leads among independents, but a large number of Republicans are undecided, and they will most likely end up voting for Earle-Sears. The favorable rating for Earle-Sears, however, should be cause for concern.”

“Both Trump and Youngkin are taking some hits in terms of job approval and favorable ratings. Most of that comes from Democrats and independents, but some Republicans have soured on both as well. That could be related to internal squabbles in the Republican Party, statewide and nationally, but we do not have data on that.”

“With regard to the deficit and debt, most see them as a problem, but not as many seem to be willing to pay the piper.” 

Methodology 

The Roanoke College Poll was conducted by the Institute for Policy and Opinion Research (IPOR) at Roanoke College in Salem, Virginia, between May 12 and May 19, 2025. All data was collected by the Siena Research Institute at Siena University in Loudonville, New York. A total of 658 completed interviews came from random telephone calls and texts to 384 Virginians, and 274 responses were drawn from a proprietary online panel of Virginians. Interviews were conducted in English. Cellphones constituted 39% of the completed phone and text to web interviews. 

Telephone sampling was conducted via a stratified dual frame probability sample of landline and cellphone telephone numbers weighted to reflect known population patterns in Virginia. The landline telephone sample was obtained from ASDE, and the cellphone sample was obtained from Marketing Systems Group (MSG). Cint USA, Inc, facilitated the online panel with completion time and attention check questions used for quality control. 

Interviews conducted online are excluded from the sample and final analysis if they fail any data quality attention check question. Duplicate responses are identified by their response ID and removed from the sample. Three questions are asked of online respondents, including a honey-pot question to catch bots and two questions asking the respondent to follow explicit directions. The proprietary panel also incorporates measures that “safeguard against bot attacks, deduplication issues, fraudulent VPN usage, and suspicious IP addresses.”

Questions answered by the sample of 658 respondents are subject to a weighted error margin (including design effect) of plus or minus 5.25% at a confidence level of 95%. This means that in 95 out of 100 samples such as the one used here, the results should be at most 5.25 percentage points above or below the figure obtained by interviewing all Virginians with a home telephone or a cellphone. Where the results of subgroups are reported, the margin of error is higher. Sampling error is only one of many potential sources of error, and there may be other unmeasured error in this or any other public opinion poll. 

Quotas were used to ensure that different regions of the commonwealth were proportionately represented. The data were statistically weighted for gender, race and age. Weighting was done to match Virginia data in the 2023 one-year American Community Survey (ACS). The design effect was 1.994. 

A copy of the questions and all toplines may be found here.

IPOR is an independent, nonpartisan research institute and subscribes to the American Association of Public Opinion Research Code of Professional Ethics and Practices. The Roanoke College Poll is paid for by Roanoke College as a public service. 

More information about the Roanoke College Poll may be obtained by contacting Dr. Harry Wilson, interim director for the Institute for Policy and Opinion Research, at wilson@roanoke.edu or the Roanoke College Marketing and Communications Office at rcnews@roanoke.edu.

roanoke.edu/IPOR